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When Did the
Quakers Stop Being Friends?
by Asaf Romirowsky and
Alexander H. Joffe
The Tower
December 2013
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friends to like this.
In the summer of 2013 an unusual gathering of students took place in an
undisclosed location in upstate New York. Sponsored by the American Friends
Service Committee (AFSC) along with Jewish Voice for Peace, the "We
Divest Campaign Student Leadership Team Summer Training Institute"
offered a five-day program to trains campus activists and organizers in the
"Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions" (BDS) movement, a loose
coalition of anti-Israel groups seeking to cripple the Israeli economy. Promising "fun in a summer-camp like
environment" for only a $100 registration fee—the rest is subsidized
by the sponsors—AFSC's program included "extensive campaign
development coaching," "grassroots organizing skill
building," "media and messaging trainings,"
"anti-oppression analysis workshops," "relationship building
with activists on campuses nationwide," "strategy sessions with
BDS movement leaders," and more. Participants represented some of
America's best-known elite universities, including the University of
Pennsylvania, Brown, Brandeis, Loyola, Oberlin and Georgetown.
The conclave did not go unnoticed among critics of BDS concerned at the
prospect of teens and young adults being taught the tactics of harming the
Jewish state. The Anti-Defamation League stated that such camps would "indoctrinate the
next generation of activists with biased messages intended to single out
Israel." Shurat HaDin, an Israeli nonprofit that helps terror victims
navigate the legal systems of countries around the world, announced that it
was investigating whether the camp violated federal and New York state
anti-boycott laws.
But there is a bigger reason to be concerned. The camp's main sponsor,
the Quaker-affiliated and well-funded AFSC, has in recent years propelled
itself to the forefront of the BDS campaign. This once-venerable group, a
recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize and an influential member of the
anti-war, pro-disarmament, and social justice movements, has become a
leading proponent of anti-Israel activism. Their chosen method is to "support [BDS] campaigns which
aim to end corporate support for Israel's settlement policy and thereby
contribute to ending settlement growth and construction."
Yet clearly their aims go beyond stopping settlement construction. In
2008, the AFSC, along with other similarly minded religious groups, hosted
a gala dinner with Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as the guest of
honor, despite Ahmadinejad's Holocaust denial, anti-Semitism, and genocidal
threats against the Jewish state. Ahmadinejad, however, is only the most
extreme example of the AFSC making dubious friends. The participants in its
BDS summer camp were mostly Palestinians or Palestinian-Americans
associated with the group Students for Justice in Palestine—an organization
notorious not only for its vicious rhetoric against Israel, but for going
so far as shouting down pro-Israel speakers on campus and harassing Jewish
students.
AFSC's recent turn is increasingly difficult to reconcile with its
longstanding opposition to violence, war, and hatred. Affiliated with the
Religious Society of Friends, the pacifist Christian sect commonly known as
the Quakers, the AFSC consistently portrays itself as a loving,
compassionate, healing organization that seeks only to end suffering and
conflict around the world. Indeed, the BDS movement itself has been
described by one Quaker group as "the transforming power of love and
nonviolence, having faith that enmity can be transformed and that
oppression can give way." Stressing the religious origins of their
ideology, they asserted that "seeking God's guidance," they are
working toward "a just and lasting peace."
Unfortunately, even a cursory look at the AFSC's attitudes toward Israel
over the past 60 years reveals something very different. Its views on
Israel have slowly evolved from a nominally neutral, though not
particularly sympathetic, point of view to a violently hostile stance. The
group now engages in apologetics for anti-Israel terrorism, accuses the
Jewish state of all manner of crimes, and seeks to actively undermine its
economy and security.
The AFSC, in short, has adopted a pacifism of hypocrisy. It claims to
oppose violence, but in practice engages in apologetics for terrorism. It
claims to want peace for both sides, but inevitably advocates only for the
Palestinians, often in extremist terms. And it has moved closer and closer
to a retrograde, supercessionist theology that has been the basis of Christian
anti-Semitism for centuries. The saga of the AFSC's relationship to Israel
is a tragic one, in which a once-noble organization has not only embraced
an ignoble cause, but has betrayed its own founding principles in the
process.
The American Friends Service Committee has its origins in the
Quakers—thus named because they tremble or "quake" before God—a
Protestant sect founded in England during the mid-17th century. Embracing
an extreme form of Protestant theology, the Quakers rejected all traditional
sacraments, such as baptism and the notion of the Bible as inerrant
Scripture. Instead, the Quakers seek to bear witness to their belief
through "spirituality in action." Its members attempt to follow
the "inner light," which founding Quaker George Fox described as
"spirit, and grace, by which all might know their salvation, and their
way to God; even that divine Spirit which would lead them into all
Truth." As part of their beliefs, Quakers oppose violence in all its
forms and reject any compulsion in religion. Social justice and pacifism
have long been central tenets of Quaker belief and activity.
The American Friends Service Committee was formed on April 30, 1917 in
response to America's entrance into World War I. Challenged by public
hostility and government disapproval due to their refusal to be drafted,
the Quakers formed the AFSC in order to organize alternative forms of
service for its members, such as providing medical aid and other
non-violent participation in the war effort.
The AFSC slowly expanded over the years, and by the late 1940s it was an
established Christian organization with global experience, recognized by
national and international establishments as a major provider of
international relief, charity, and aid. It was also a profoundly universalist
organization that often supported unpopular political causes, embracing
humanitarian and pacifist ideals that were radical in the context of both
the U.S. and in the American and Protestant contexts.
The dawn of the Cold War, however, proved a turning point in the history
of the organization. In April 1947 a faction within the AFSC's leadership
convened a meeting at which the head of the organization, Clarence Pickett,
and others argued that tensions between the United States and the Soviet
Union had become so intense, and the threat of atomic war so grave, that
that the AFSC should abandon its long-standing tradition of political
neutrality. Such a stance, Pickett said, could no longer be an article of
faith but a crime. The radical nature of this stance was reflected in the
words of another participant, who said, "Evolution is too slow. We
need revolution in the Society of Friends." The organization, Pickett
and his supporters felt, should actively spearhead a peace movement that
would directly challenge America's Cold War policies. This began the AFSC's
transformation from a religious group to, as one Quaker scholar later put
it, "just one more pressure group within the secular political
community."
The AFSC's newly radical stance took aim at American policies throughout
the 1950s and paid little or no heed to repression and terror in Communist
countries. This hit its stride during the Vietnam War. The organization
bitterly and actively opposed the war throughout the 1960s and '70s. Its
attacks on American policy in Vietnam were furious and wide-ranging,
opposing everything from the escalation of military operations to all forms
of aid to South Vietnam to the conduct of the war itself. In addition, the
AFSC directly violated American embargoes and sent medical aid directly to
North Vietnam. These actions proved to be extremely controversial. In one
case, the AFSC was accused of revealing to the North Vietnamese that a
prominent Buddhist activist was a CIA agent, prompting one prominent Quaker
to hold a sit-in at AFSC headquarters in protest. The AFSC's activism
placed it unquestionably on the side of the American far-Left, where it
remains to this day.
More importantly, however, this was the beginning of a process through
which the AFSC began to betray its own founding principles. While still
voicing support for pacifism, the organization increasingly aligned itself
with violent Left-wing governments and movements, some of which used
terrorism to advance their goals.
Many rank-and-file Quakers were appalled at the AFSC's overt support for
such regimes and movements, as well as its double standards, according to
which it supported oppressive Left-wing regimes while attacking the U.S.
for supporting oppressive Right-wing regimes. But their protests proved fruitless.
The AFSC rejected all criticism as fundamentally illegitimate
"red-baiting and McCarthyism."
Over the past three decades, the AFSC's ideology has remained
essentially unchanged. It still makes occasional nods toward religion and
theology, but essentially, its beliefs and activities are entirely secular
and entirely conventional on the far-Left. It opposed U.S. intervention in
Somalia and claims today that "economic hardship" rather than
"ideology" drives the Somalian civil war pitting Islamist terrorists
against the federal government. It partially justified Iraq's 1990 invasion
of Kuwait by citing the former's war debts and opposed the American-led
response. In one case, AFSC members even volunteered to act as human
shields in the event of an American attack.
The 2003 invasion of Iraq was cast in similar terms, as yet another
American crime that followed years of murderous sanctions. Saddam Hussein
is barely mentioned by the organization, and one simply would not know from
their description of the war that he was a tyrant personally responsible
for hundreds of thousands of deaths, or that his regime had pursued weapons
of mass destruction. The AFSC's policy towards Iran is similar, demanding
the removal of sanctions and dismissing concerns about Iranian nuclear
weapons.
Today the group operates collective farms in North Korea and supports a
network of Syrians who, in their words, "believe in nonviolence as a
means of achieving freedom, equality, dignity, and mutual coexistence to be
one community of citizens in all its sects and identities." Saddest of
all, the AFSC's once-formidable relief and aid efforts are now strictly
limited, replaced by an absolute faith in the power of rhetoric and protest
to alter behavior. And it is these weapons that the AFSC has now turned
against the Jewish state.
The AFSC's strange and often hypocritical combination of ideology and
theology, pacifism and support for violent movements, has marked its
attitude toward Israel for many years. But the organization was not always actively
hostile toward Israel or Zionism, and its relationship to the Israeli-Arab
conflict has been a long and complex one.
The Quaker movement itself has a long historical relationship with the
land of Israel. Quakers traveled to then-Palestine as early as the 1650s in
order to undertake missionary and educational projects, and like many
Protestant sects, they were especially active throughout the Middle East
during the second half of the 19th century.
Their activities were mainly confined to the Middle East's Christian
communities. As far as the Jews were concerned, the Quakers shared the
supersessionist theology of most American Protestant denominations of the
time. This theological position deemphasized the Jewish connection to the
Holy Land and derided the Jews as a people forsaken by God. As a result of
their pacifism, however, the Quakers were generally not hostile toward the
Jews. But Zionism represented a direct challenge to supersessionist theology,
and many of the Protestant missionary and aid groups opposed the movement
and supported Arab nationalism. The Quakers, for the most part, stayed
neutral on the subject, although Quaker institutions in Palestine itself
and individual Palestinian Quakers became leading advocates of Arab
nationalism and fervent anti-Zionists.
By the time of Israel's War of Independence in 1948, the AFSC was at the
height of its international prominence. In December 1948, the group joined
the International Committee of the Red Cross and the League of Red Cross
Societies in order to provide relief to Palestinian refugees. The AFSC's
area of operation was the Gaza Strip, and during almost 18 months in the
field it did an exemplary job. The organization provided food, set up schools
and clinics, and faced down the Egyptian military. Unlike any other relief
organization at the time or since, the AFSC conducted an accurate census
and reduced its rolls of Palestinian refugees. It also rooted out fraud and
corruption, and kept costs under control. And despite their pacifism, the
AFSC learned to be what it described as "hard boiled" with the
Egyptians, the refugees, and the international community in general.
But by the end of 1949, it was clear to the AFSC leadership that the
refugees would accept no solution to their predicament but repatriation to
their former homes in what was now Israel. Barring that, they demanded to
remain on permanent international relief. Even vocational education was
considered suspect. In the minds of the refugees, improved job skills could
result in them being resettled elsewhere.
At the same time, it was clear to the AFSC that even if the refugees did
accept resettlement, no Arab state would accept them. The only possible
solution would be political, not economic. And such a solution did not seem
likely in the near future. To its credit, the AFSC could not countenance
participating in an open-ended relief program, which it believed would
intensify the "moral degeneration" of the refugees and the degradation
of their skills, self-reliance, and self-respect.
As a result, the AFSC withdrew from Gaza in early 1950, turning its
responsibilities over to the United Nations organization UNRWA. For more
than 60 years since, the AFSC's warnings about the detrimental effects of
open-ended relief programs have gone unheeded, whether by UNRWA or by any
of its international patrons, including the United States. Today,
Palestinians view relief and eventual repatriation (the "right of
return") as absolute rights. And the Arab states, with the exception
of Jordan, remain steadfast in their refusal to do anything except
warehouse Palestinians in permanent refugee camps.
The refugee program was also, in effect, the last time the AFSC acted
with formal neutrality in regard to the Israeli-Arab conflict. Its
interests at the time were purely humanitarian, and it did not take an
explicit or official political stance in favor of one side or another. This
would soon undergo a radical and permanent change.
Throughout the 1960s and especially after the 1967 Six Day War, the AFSC
began to take a more explicit and fervent pro-Palestinian stance, applying
its growing radicalism and willingness to accommodate the use of violence
to the Middle East conflict. As the 1970s saw the rise of Palestinian
terrorism as a major source of global violence, the AFSC began to take a
disturbingly understanding approach to the issue. A 1972 AFSC pamphlet, Nonviolence:
Not First For Export told its readers:
Violence is expressed in the agony of millions of men, women and
children who in varying degrees suffer hunger, poverty, ill-health, lack of
education, non-acceptance by the fellowmen. It is compounded by the slights
and insults of rampant injustice, of exploitation, of police brutality, of
a thousand indignities from dawn to dusk and through the night.
In the context of such "structural violence," the pamphlet
continued, "before we deplore terrorism it is essential for us to
recognize fully and clearly whose 'terrorism' came first, so that we can
assess what is cause and what is effect."
It was clear enough that, in regard to Israel the AFSC had no doubts
about whose "terrorism" came first. The pamphlet expressed, for
example, deep understanding toward the Palestinian Fedayeen—"those who
sacrifice themselves"—terrorists whose main purpose was to infiltrate
Israel and kill civilians. Indeed, it came close to regarding terrorism as
a legitimate form of "sacrifice."
Another pamphlet also more or less endorsed the Palestinian "right
of return," which if implemented would result in the effective
destruction of Israel as a Jewish state. "That the Arab
governments," it said,
Cannot resettle Palestinian refugees in more or less permanent
situations against their will should be obvious. Moreover, both the
refugees and the host governments have been constantly haunted by the fear
that successful resettlement would help the Israelis and the world to
forget the injustice done to the Palestinians and to accept a large-scale
fait accompli.
Perhaps making up for lost time, the AFSC's anti-Israel activities began
to intensify. In 1973, the AFSC called for a U.S. embargo on arms and other
aid to Israel, and in 1975 adopted "a formal decision to make the
Middle East its major issue." It quickly opened an office in Israel,
installed specialized staff members at regional offices in the U.S., and
began advocating for the Palestinians in Israeli and international courts.
Israeli officials quickly discovered, however, that the new AFSC
representative in Jerusalem was attempting to organize on behalf of the
PLO. Only the threat of a negative PR campaign from the AFSC leadership
prevented the representative—who was not a Quaker—from being expelled.
That the AFSC's newfound passion for the Palestinian cause was beginning
to undermine its commitment to its own ideals was depressingly clear at a
1977 conference that sought to bring Israelis and Palestinians together.
Despite supposedly seeking for reconciliation and harmony, the conference
in fact became an emotionally manipulative assault on the Israeli
participants. One observer noted that
A spokesman for the Arab-American university graduates not only blamed
Israel for the Palestinian diaspora but said that by arming the Christians,
Israel created a Palestinian Auschwitz at Tal Zaatar. The applause was loud
and sustained. The AFSC moderator asked that the usual question-answer
period be suspended. He called for one minute of silence so that the
audience might "feel" the horrors that were so vividly described.
In another session,
Jewish participants were asked to tolerate some anti-Semitic remarks in
order to keep the lines of communication open. It was argued that
Palestinians cannot be expected to be understanding or asked to cool their
anger until justice was achieved. Instead we must concentrate on erasing
stereotypes including the one that associates the PLO with terrorism.
The AFSC organizers later treated the Jewish and Israeli participants to
a "social evening predominantly devoted to the singing of Hebrew songs
and dancing the hora."
Such displays of bad faith and emotional blackmail became depressingly
commonplace. A participant in a 1975 Quaker mission, for example, recounted
how his group had
Visited Yad Vashem and Ramallah Friends Meeting in the same day. Some
cried in Yad Vashem while others questioned the psychological validity of
preserving this bitter memory. Later we attended the Friends Meeting in
occupied Ramallah, joined hands and sang one of the few permitted protest
songs—We Shall Overcome. All of us were shaken, some to open weeping, by
the experience.
By 1977, the AFSC was careening dangerously close to outright
anti-Semitism and "replacement theology"; they now appeared to
believe that the Palestinians were the "new Jews." As one member
put it, "Now Israelis are making Jews out of Palestinians. In the
Palestinians, I recognize my Jews."
Such sentiments stem from a religious foundation of Christian
anti-Semitism: The idea that the Jews are no longer the "real"
Jews, but have been superseded by Christianity, which is "the Israel
of the spirit." This theology has only become more prominent among
Quakers in recent years.
The AFSC has moved ever closer to the Palestinian cause since the 1970s.
Today, this is expressed through fieldwork, lobbying, and activism, in
particular through the BDS movement. The AFSC also helps organize
Palestinian groups involved in civil disobedience in the West Bank, and has
recently cosponsored a conference in Tel Aviv advocating for the
Palestinian "right of return."
And as it has become more and more extreme, the AFSC has moved further
from its original ideas, which it now deploys almost wholly as
quasi-religious platitudes. It speaks of the Quaker "spirit of
love," its even-handedness, and its commitment to non-violence. Yet it
almost never criticizes the Palestinian Authority or Hamas for their
violations of these principles, whether through terrorism, incitement, or
an outright refusal to accept a peace agreement with Israel. It has called,
for example, for an end to divisions between Hamas and Fatah in order to
carry out a united struggle against Israel, even though Hamas is an openly
anti-Semitic organization that has yet to recognize Israel's right to exist
in any form. In regard to Hamas' indiscriminate use of rockets against
Israeli civilians, the AFSC simply notes that "it is important to look
at the firing of rockets by Palestinian armed groups in context,"
since this it is "intertwined" with "ongoing Israeli
military actions in Gaza." Whether or not this is in comportment with
the Quaker spirit of love is left unmentioned.
Indeed, it often seems that the AFSC makes every possible effort to
deflect attention from Palestinian violence and other abuses, claiming that
"acts of physical violence gain attention, but the daily nonviolent
resistance by Palestinians against the structural violence of the
occupation goes unnoticed"; nor does any of the AFSC's literature on
U.S. aid to Israel and the Palestinian Authority mention the billions of
dollars in aid stolen by Palestinian leaders.
The group also discounts any possibility that the Palestinians could
have any responsibility for the failure to reach a peace agreement. In a
2012 letter to Congress, the Quaker's lobbying group, the
Friends Committee for National Legislation, claimed that "there have
been no meaningful negotiations since at least 2001," which it blamed
on "the U.S.'s failure to hold Israel accountable for its continued
expropriation of Palestinian land and natural resources." That the
Palestinians had, in fact, been offered peace in 2000 and turned it down,
and then launched a terrorist war, was left completely unmentioned.
Nor is this hostility confined to the issue of the Palestinians. A
lobbyist from the same group wrote
in March 2013 that a congressional pledge to back Israel if it found it
necessary to attack the Iranian nuclear program was a "Back Door to
War with Iran Resolution," and claimed "thousands of activists
from the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) lobbied every
senator's office in support" of the resolution, which "lays the
groundwork for—a U.S./Israel attack on Iran." In fact, it did nothing
of the kind, merely promising American support for Israel in case of an
Israeli military strike against Iran. Unsurprisingly, the AFSC is among the
most fervent supporters of the international community's recent accord with
Iran, which Israel has strongly opposed.
The AFSC appears to regard its support for the BDS movement as equally
righteous. Its advocacy of BDS is "contextualized by Quakers and
AFSC's long support for boycotts, divestment, and sanctions as economic
tactics that appeal to human conscience and change behavior." The
group relates this to its opposition to slavery, segregation, apartheid,
and other reprehensible phenomena. But it also betrays itself by claiming
to support, in accordance with its "principles and history," all
"nonviolent efforts to realize peace and justice in Israel and
Palestine," even though this is demonstrably not the case, and has not
been for years, given the organization's support for Palestinian groups
that both advocate and practice extreme forms of violence.
To the extent that it still retains some religious character, the AFSC
is fully aligned with the most radically pro-Palestinian Christian
denominations. The Quakers are members of the World Council of Churches,
which played a major role in issuing "A Moment of Truth,"
otherwise known as the Kairos Palestine document. This theological statement
on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict expresses a form of "liberation
theology" that casts the Palestinians as the "new Jews."
Palestinians are, in effect a sacred, chosen people and a moral force
struggling against oppression. In this case, the oppressor is the Jews,
whose covenant is considered obsolete and whose religion is believed to be
outdated if not barbaric.
Indeed, the Kairos Palestine document explicitly speaks of Jesus as
"casting a new light on the Old Testament, on … themes such as the
promises, the election, the people of God, and the land." This
"new light," of course, constituted the claim that the Jews were
no longer "elected," and that Christians were now "the
people of God." This unreconstructed supersessionism may be one of the
reasons the document refers to the creation and existence of Israel as one
of the great injustices of history, to be corrected by "ending the
occupation and establishing justice," which will help lead to the
"Kingdom of God, a kingdom of justice, peace and dignity."
This messianic anti-Zionism may be one of the reasons the AFSC has
adopted a view on the conflict that, despite protestations otherwise,
effectively negates Israel's right to exist. Indeed, the AFSC's own manifesto on the conflict, Principles for a Just and
Lasting Peace in the Middle East, is described by the organization as supporting the
"implementation of refugees' right of return." This would result
not in justice, peace, or dignity, but rather the end of the Jewish state.
Such beliefs and activities are a tragic betrayal of the AFSC's own
history and religious origins. It may be that a movement like the Quakers,
which has seen its numbers dwindle along with other liberal Protestant
denominations, sees anti-Zionism as a last resort; a movement with powerful
emotional appeal on which it can draw in order to maximize its power. If
so, then it has undone a great deal of the good it once did, and
substituted hypocrisy and bad faith instead.
Once a byword for humanitarianism and faith, it has now become, in
effect, a brand—one on which the AFSC can trade as it exploits the putative
neutrality and pacifism it stands for in order to advance hostility toward
Israel and, with its promotion of the "right of return," an end
to Israel itself.
In the end, the AFSC's story reflects the tensions between pacifism and
politics, between aid work and political activism, and between neutrality
in the Middle East conflict and religious anti-Zionism. It demonstrates
that small religious movements are susceptible to hijacking by radicals,
and suggests that pacifism may inevitably engender its opposite. The
organizations slide has been a long one, and at the moment it shows no sign
of or interest in reversing it. Today, only the "inner light" of
individual Quakers will bring about change.
Asaf Romirowsky is the Acting Executive Director of Scholars for
Peace in the Middle East (SPME) and a Fellow at the Middle East Forum. Alex
Joffe is a historian and archaeologist. He is a Shillman-Ginsburg Fellow of
the Middle East Forum. Romirowsky and Joffe have co-authored the
forthcoming book entitled Religion,
Politics, and the Origins of Palestine Refugee Relief.
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